Mcq’s

PMS CSS GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MCQS 1- what plants exhale at night Carbon dioxide 2- velocity of sound M/s3433- 3- Which vitamins not stored in human body? C 4- lake of vitamin c create which disease Skin disease 5-which vitamin helps blood clotting? K 6-Founder of Muslim rule in India? Qutubuddin Abek 7-Razia Sultana belongs to? Slave dynasty 8-Second battle of pani pat fought b/w correct option was not present my answer was none of these(akbar vs himu bakal) 9- Attack fort was constructed By Akbar 10- Marcher lake situated in? Dadu 11- Pakistan number among world  population? 6th 12- share of Punjab among area of Pakistan 5% 13- Length of Khyber pass 53km 14- Uranium resources found in Pakistan? D G khan 15- Mostly part of gobi desert found in ? Magnolia 16- Taklimakan desert found Inxinjaning china 17- Longest river of the world is? Nile 18- Largest sea of the world? South China Sea 19-Largest coastal boundary country? Canada 20- Brazil situated in? South America 21-Which country is peninsula? Saudi Arabia 22- Pakistan situates on which line? 1- equator 2- cancer 3- inecapricorn 4-  none 2- correet answer is option 4 23- McMahan line is situated b/w? India and china 24- Who is david patrias? american general in Afghanistan 5- 1 meter is equal to? 3. 28 foot 26- Caspian sea makes his boundaries with Iran, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan. 27- Largest agency among area in Pakistan? South Waziristan 28- Old name of Iraq? Mesopotamia 29-Blood is red due to? Hemoglobin 30-Marian trance situated near? Philippines 31- Headquarter of ghandhara civilization is? Texila 32- Head quarter of SAARC is situated at? Katmandu 33- Maximum wool producing country is? Australia 34- Official religion of japan is? Shintoism 35- Which element use for producing nuclear fuel? Uranium 36- How many rooku in 30 Para of Quran? 9 37-which is less conductor? 1- iron, 2-copper 3- silver 4-  wood My answer was wood but not satisfied 38-nigara fall lies b/w USA and Canada 39- Which is smallest country of world among area 1- Maldives 2- Malta 3- San Marino 4- Bahrain Correct answer is option 3 San Marino 40-Holy Prophet PBUH appointed governor of Yemen for collection zakat? Hazrat Muaz bin Jabal 41- How many times zakat  mention in Quran? 32 times 42-which Sura gives details among zakat receiver? Sura Tuba 43-where1st wahii nazall hoe? Ghar-e-hira 44- When zakat declared must 2 hijra 45-Light of sun reach in earth 8. 5 mint While other options was 3mint 4mint 6. 5 mint) 46- Headquarter of ILO situated in? Geneva 47- Muslim league name was purposed by? Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan of Dhaka 48- Jaundice is disturb of which part  of body Liver 49- Quaid Azam leaves congress due ton on- cooperative moment by Gandhi 50-in hepatitis which organ disturb? Liver 51- Nisab in the amount of gold? 87. 48 gram (But in paper there was not dot  present b/w 87 and48) 52- Nisab in silver is? 612. 32 gram 53-produce which is equal to nisab? 948kg wheat or equal 54-if a pe rson having millat1800kg whose prize is half among wheat who many rupees he pay zakat zero 5-who was Father of the French Revolution? Jean-Jacques Rousseau – 56-statue of freedom in new york is given by France 57- Wall street is a famous? Stock market in New York 58- Sunlight consists of coolers? a-1 b- 3 c-7 (Not  confirm waiting for reply) 59-theory of relativity is presented by? Einstein 60- Cash crop is? Which not cultivated for own use 61-artificial cultivated area gives amount usher equal  to 1/20 62- If a person obtained something from underground the amount of zakat applicable? 1/5 63-zakat among goat applicable on? 40 goats 64- Amount of zakat among gold silver  and similar things . 5 % 65- A government company obtained 1 billion net profit tell  who much rupees its gives as  a zakat Zero 66-zakat ordinance promulgated on 20 June 1980 67-according to section17 tauluqa committee is equal to tehsil committee 68- dasman palace is residence ofameer kwait 69-pro celain tower is present inchina 70- which muslim organization founded in 1962 71- crtography is the study of secret writing 72-founder of souct momemtRobert Baden-Powell 73- elysee palace is the  residence offrench president 74- second largest population in afghanistan? tajik 75-worldwide spread disease is called? epidemic 6- zakat year start on according to hijra clender 77- zakat year end ? 30 shaban 78- governer appointe chief administer with the consult withfederal government 79- administerator general appointed bypresident 80- The magnitude of earthquake is measured with? Richter Scale 81- Who forwarded the Lahore(Pakistan) Resolution? A. K fazlul haq 82- East India Company came to India in the reign of: A)Shah Jahan B) Jahangir C) Aurangzeb D) Babar 83- The largest Muslim country according to area is? kazakistan 84- Zakat can be spent on:A)Travelers B) Slaves C) Masakin D)All of these 85- Zakat is exempted on:A)Sheep grazing fed free in pastures B) Fruits  C) Vegetables D) All of  them 86- Who was known as the Man of Destiny? nepolin bona part 87- Adam's Peak is in? sri lanka 88- According to the Zakat Ordinance Zakat arrears are collected by? tehsildar 89- Red Cross/Crescent HQ is in? geneva 90-Brain Draintransfer of Skilled labors 91–light year complete direction in1 year 92–musician of antham isAhmed gulami chagla 93- first ushr receive ? 1982-83 rabi crop 94-DZ committe disolved if]member remain not pious 95- if a person failed  to pay zakat what act can do? send a notice. 1) Which of the following rivers crosses the equator twice? ) Congo 2) Which is the longest river of America? b) Mississippi 3) Don is river of ? b) Russia 4) What is the length  of khyber pass? c) 56 km 5) Longest glacier of the world is  Lambert situated in Antarctica, what is it'slength? a) 320 Miles 6) Which of the following lake is most polluted lake in the world? d) Lake eire 7) Tugela water fall is present in? b) South Africa 8) Gota canal is the sh ip canal situated in ? c) Sweden 9) Kiel canal of Germany was opened in  1895 what is it's length? c) 61. 3 miles 10) Erie canal is situated in ? c) USA 11) Houston and Delware canals are present in the country? b) France 2) Grand canal is oldest man made canal for shiping  purpose situated in? b) China 13) Persian Gulf is located in? b) Arabian ocean 14) Sutherland waterfall is present in? a) New-Zealand 15) Hudson Bay is situated in? c) Northern Canada 16) Which is the largest gulf of the world? a) Gulf of Mexico 17) Which is the largest bay of the world? a) Hudson bay 18) Yosemite is a famous waterfall of ? a) USA 19) Strait of Bosporous connects? c) Black sea and sea of  marmara 20) It separates Italy from Sicily? c) Messina 21) Strait of malacca separates? b) Malaysia and indonesia 22) Which of the following straits separate india From Sri Lanka? ) Palk 23) Which of the following straits separate Malaysia from Singapore? b) Johor 24) Budapest is the capital of  Hungary situated on the bank of? c) River Danube 25) Sea of Marmara and Aegean sea are connected by the strait? c) Dardanelles 26) Cook strait separates south New-Zealand from? b) North New-Zealand 27) Paris is the capital of France situated on the bank of? a) Seine 28) English channel separates England from? b) France 29) Agra is very famous city of India due to Taj Mahal, it is situated on thebank of river? c) Jumna 30) Great victoria desert is present in  ? c) Australia †¢ Yome -Afra is called to Hajj day. Name of the place  where the pilgrims go from Arafat: Muzdalfa. †¢ First structure of Kaaba was built by  Adam. †¢ Ibrahim & Ismail rebuilt Kaaba 4500 years ago. †¢ Yum -e-Nahar is called to the Day of Sacrifice. †¢ Yum e Arafat is 9th Zul Hajj. †¢ One khutba is recited during Hajj. †¢ Al -Imarn is the surah in which Hajj is commanded. †¢ Holy prophet sacrificed 63 camels during  hajj. †¢ Adam and Hazrat Hawa performed  the first e ver Hajj. †¢ Running b/w Safa & Marwa seven t imes is called Sayee. †¢ Most important step of Hajj after assuming Ahram is Wuquf. †¢ Waqoof -e-Arfah is the Rukn-e-Azam of Hajj With the performance of Rami on  the 10th Zil -Hajj, the most of the bindings of Hajj on thepilgrim are released. †¢ Three uprigh t stones are called Jamarat. †¢ After Waquf the most important step is Tawaf. †¢ In Hajj there are three obligations (Farz). †¢ Umrah can be performed  at any time throughout the year  except 9th to 11th Zil -Hajj. †¢ Hujjaj stat at Mina for one day, the second d ay at Arafat and the final day, encampment is donefor a night at Muzdalfah, it is called Wuquf. †¢ Who said that Hajj is  greatest of all worships:Imam Malik. †¢ How many undesirable acts of Ihraam are there: six. How many permitted acts of Ihraam are  ther e:Four. †¢ Prohibitions and restructions of Ihram are  8. †¢ The first and the foremost Farz of  Hajj and Umrah is Ihram. †¢ The first and inner most circle around Ka‘ba is Masjid -e-Haram. †¢ The second circle around Kaba is Makkah Mukaramah. †¢ The third circle around Kaba is Haram. †¢ Who firsly fixed boundaries of Haram, the third circle around Kaaba: Adam. †¢ The fourth cirle around Kaba is Mowaqeet. †¢ The place where no one can advance without putting on Ihram is Mowaqeet. †¢ Two thousand years before the creation of Adam, Kaba was constructed. †¢ Angels built Kaba firstly in  the universe. During the Noah‘s time Kaaba disappeared due to flood. †¢ The gate which is the best for the pilgrims to enter in Kaba is Bab -e-Salam. †¢ Hajr -e-Aswad means black stone. †¢ Actual color of Hajr-e-Aswad was white. †¢ The small piece of land  b/wk Rukn -e-Islam and Rukn-e-Yamani is called Hateem. †¢ The place where offering prayer is just like offering prayer inside Kaba is Hateem. †¢ There are fiv e types of Tawaf. †¢ Hajji go to Al -Multazim after completing the seven rounds. †¢ Al -Multazim means the place of holding. †¢ The portion of the wall of Kaba which is b/w its door and Hajr   -e-Aswad is called al-Multazim. Sayee is commenced from Safa and  ends at Marwa. †¢ After performing Say‘ ee Hujjaj go to Mina. †¢ Muzdalfa is a plain. †¢ Muzdalfa is located b/w Mina & Arafat. †¢ Muzdalfa is located six miles from Makkah. †¢ From Mina Muzdalfa is three miles  away. †¢ Muzdalfa is called Sacred Monument in Quran. †¢ At Muzdalfa Maghrib & Isha  prayers are offered together. †¢ Pebbles are collected from  Muzdalfa. †¢ Jamarat which is nearest to Makkah is  called Jamarat -ul-Uqba. †¢ Smallest Jamarat is Jamarat -al-Sughra. †¢ Rami is held at Mina. †¢ Talbiah is stopped after Rami. †¢ Afrad, Qar‘ran and Tamatae are he types of Hajj. †¢ Dhulhulaifah is the Meeqat for the pe ople of Pakistan. †¢ Dhulhulaifah is a point six mile  from Madina. islamic history month wise outlines Muharram-ul-Haram 1st – Start of new Islamic year2nd – Arrival of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) in Karbala – (61 A. H. )7th – Access to water was blocked from the  camp of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) – the 3rd Holy Imam – (61 A. H. )10th – Ashoora – Martyrdom of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) and his companions – (61 A. H. )11th – Prophet Mohammad(sawaw)‘s family was shackled a nd taken away as prisoners 12th – Soyem of the martyrs of Karbala 16th –Change of direction of qibla from Bait-al-maqdas to Kaaba – (2 A. H. )17th – Attack of Abraha‘s army on Khana -e-Kaaba (1 Aamul Feel)25th – Martyrdom of Imam Ali Zain-al-Abideen(a. s. ) – the 4th Holy Imam – (95 A. H. ) Safar-ul-Muzaffar 1st – Battle of Siffin – (36-37 A. H. )3rd – Birth of Imam Mohammad Baqir(a. s. ) – the 5th Holy Imam – (57 A. H. ) [Disputed date]6th, 8th or 13th – Martyrdom of Hazrat Sakina bint-al-Hussain(a. s. ) – (61 A. H. ) 7th – Birth of Imam Moosa al-Kazim(a. s. ) – the 7th Holy Imam – (128 A. H. ) 7th – Martyrdom of Imam Hasan(a. s. ) – the 2nd Holy Imam – (50 A. H. ) [Disputed date] 7th – Martyrdom of Imam Ali ibn-e-Moosa ar-Riza(a. s. ) – the 8th Holy Imam – (203 A. H. )19th – Abraha attacked Khana-e-Kaaba – (1 Aamul Feel)20th – Arbaeen of martyrs of Karbala 28th – Wisal of Prophet  Muhammad(sawaw) – (11 A. H. )28th – Martyrdom of Imam Hasan(a. s. ) – the 2nd Holy Imam – (50 A. H. )29th – Martyrdom of Imam Ali ibn-e-Moosa ar-Riza(a. s. ) – the 8th Holy Imam – (203 A. H. ) [Disputed date] Rabi-al-Awwal 1st – Hijrat-e-Madina – Start of Islamic Hijri calendar4th – Dea th of Hazrat Fatima  Masooma-e-Qum(a. s. ) – (201 A. H. ) [Disputed date]8th – Martyrdom of Imam Hasan Askari(a. s. ) – he 11th Holy Imam – (260 A. H. ) 8th – Beginning of Ghaibat-e-Sughra of Imam Mohammad Mehdi(atfs) – the 12th Holy Imam(a. s. )9th – Eid-e-Zahra(s. a. )10th – Death of Hazrat Abdul Mutallib(a. s. ) – grand father of Prophet  Muhammad(sawaw) 10th – Marriage of Prophet Muhammad(sawaw) and Hazrat Khadija(s. a. )15th – Building of Masjid-e-Quba – the first Masjid in Islam – (1 A. H. )17th – Birth of  Prophet Muhammad(sawaw) – (53 years before Hijra) 17th – Birth of Imam Jafer Sadiq(a. s. ) – the 6th Holy Imam – (82 A. H. )25th – Death of Hazrat Abu Talib(a. s. ) Rabi-us-Sani 8th or 10th – Birth of Imam Hasan Askari(a. . ) – the 11th Holy Imam – (232 A. H. )10th – Death of Hazrat Fatima Masooma-e-Qum(a. s. ) – (201 A. H. ) [Disputed date] Jamadi-al-Awwal 5th – Birth of Hazrat Zainab bint-e-Ali(a. s. ) – (5 A. H. )13th – Death of Hazrat Fatima Zahra(s. a. ) – (11 A. H. )15th – Birth of Imam Ali Zain-al-Abideen(a. s. ) – the 4th Holy Imam – (38 A. H. ) [Disputed date] 17th – Battle of Jamal – (36 A. H. ) Jamadi-us-Sani 10th – Battle of Mauta and martyrdom of Hazra Jafer Tayyar(a. s. ) – (3 A. H. )13th – Death of Hazrat Umm-ul-Baneen – Mother of Hazrat Abbas(a. s. ) 20th – Birth of Hazrat Fatima Zahra(s. a. ) Rajab-ul-Murrajjab st – Birth of Imam Mohammad Baqir(a. s. ) – the 5th Holy Imam – (57 A. H. )2nd or 5th – Birth of Imam Ali Naqi al-Hadi(a. s. ) – the 10th Holy Imam – (214 A. H. )3rd – Martyrdom of Imam Ali Naqi al-Hadi(a. s. ) – the 10th Holy Imam – (254 A. H. ) 10th – Birth of Imam Mohammad Taqi  al-Jawwa d(a. s. ) – the 9th Holy Imam – (195 A. H. )12th – Death of Hazrat Abbas ibn-e-Abdul Muttalib(a. s. ) – uncle of Prophet  Mohammad(sawaw)13th – Birth of Imam Ali(a. s. ) – the 1st Holy Imam – (30 Aamul Feel) 13th, 14th, 15th – Ayyam-e-Bayd – the bright days15th – Death of Hazrat Zainab bin-e-Ali(a. s. ) – (62 A. H. )20th Birth of Hazrat Sakina bint-al-Hussain(a. s. ) – (57 A. H. ) 24th – Battle of Khaibar – (7 A. H. )25th – Martyrdom of Imam Moosa-e-Kazim(a. s. ) – the 7th Holy Imam – (183 A. H. )26th – Death of Hazrat Abu Talib(a. s. ) [Disputed date] 27th – Event of Mairaj – Ascension of Prophet Muhammad(sawaw) towards heavens28th – Start of journey of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) towards Karbala – (60 A. H. )29th – Battle of Tabooq – (9 A. H. ) Shabaan-ul-Moazzam 1st – Birth of Hazrat Zainab bint-e-Ali(a. s. ) â⠂¬â€œ (5 A. H. ) 3rd – Birth of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) – the  3rd Holy Imam – (4 A. H. )4th – Birth of Hazrat Abbas(a. s. – (26  A. H. )5th – Birth of Imam Ali Zain-al-Abideen(a. s. ) – the 4th Holy Imam – (38 A. H. ) 7th – Birth of Hazrat Qasim ibn-e-Hasan(a. s. ) –  (48 A. H. )8th – Beginning of Ghaibat-e-Sughra of Imam Mohammad Mehdi(atfs) – the 12th Holy Imam – (260A. H. ) 11th – Birth of Hazrat Ali  Akbar(a. s. ) – (44 A. H. )13th, 14th, 15th – Ayyam-e-Bayd – the bright days14th – Evening – Aamal of Neema-e-Shabaan 15th – Birth of Imam Mohammad Mehdi(atfs) – the 12th Holy Imam – (255  A. H. ) 238. The commandment for observing Fast has been stipulated in the Surah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Al-Baqara239. What is atonement for breaking the Fast?To feed 60 people240. It is a door through which fast observing people would enter pa radise. Bab-ul-Riyan241. Which important night falls in Ramzan? Lailat-ul-Qadr242. How many days are forbidden for fasting throughout the year? 5243. In which month virtues flourish and evil is suppressed? Ramzan244. What is the meaning of Aitekaf? Seclusion245. Aitekaf during the month of Ramzan is. Wajib246. Which Rukn-e-Islam is called as shield? Fasting247. Which is the Third fundamental pillar of Islam? Fasting248. When Siyyam of Ramzan was ordered? 2 A. H 249. Tarawih is a prayer of Ramzan. It means†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. To stand250.Which important Ghazwa was fought in the very first Ramzan? Badr251. Who arranged Namaz-e-Tarawih in the leadership of Imam? Hazrat Umar (R. A) 252. Literally meaning of Hajj is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The will of visit 254. Hajj was made obligatory in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 A. H253. Yome- Afra is called†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Hajj Day 254. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) performed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Hajj in his life. One 255. Hajj is a pilgrimage of†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Holy Kabba256. When did the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) offer Hajj? 10 A. H 257. There are†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. types of Hajj. Three258. In which Surah Hajj has been commanded? Al-Baqara259. How many camels the Holy Prophet (PBUH) scarified? 63260. Shoot meansOne tawaf of Kabba 261. The day of sacrifice during Hajj is called†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Yum-e-Nehr262. The rite of offering sacrifice is performed atMina 263. Jamarat on 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th of the Zil Hajj is performed in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Mina264. Which two prayers are offered together at Muzdalifa on the 9th Zil-ul-Hajj? Maghrib-Isha 265. The number of Khutbas during the Hajj is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. One266. The first Hajj was performed byHazrat Adam (A. S), Hazrat Hawa (A. S)267. Who built the first structure of the holy Kabba? Hazrat Adam (A. S)268. What is the fundamental pillar of Islam which requires both physical and financialsacrifices? Hajj269.Literally Jihad meansTo strive hard 27 0. Jihad was ordained on Muslims through a Quranic verse in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(A. H)   2nd271. The battle was forbidden i n Arabs in the month of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Muharram272. The word Jihad is derived from the wordJuhada 273. The meaning of Jihad fi Sbil Allah is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Fighting in the way of Allah274. What is the meaning of Qital? Fighting275. How many encounters took place between the Muslims and non-Muslims during the lifeof the Holy Prophet (PBUH)? 82276. What is the meaning of Rukn? Support277. What is the plural f Rukn? Arkan278. What is said to Namaz in Arabic? Salat279. What are the meanings of Salat?Rehmat, Barkat280. When Namaz was ordered? On 27th Rajab 10th Hijri on the occasion of Mehraj281. What is the difference between Kufr and Islam? Namaz282. Name the five NamazFajar, Zuhar, Asar, Maghrib, Isha 283. Describe the Farz Rakaats of each NamazFajar 2, Zuhar 4, Asar 4, Maghrib 3, Isha 4284. What are the Farz of Namaz (Salat)? Qayyam, Rakoo, Sajda 285. Which kind of worship is liked by Allah? Namaz286. When Wazoo was ordered? 5 Hijra287. When Azan was started? 1 Hijra288. When Tayammum was ordered? 5 Hijra289. Namaz-Ba-Jamaat is how much better than individual Namaz? 27 times290. In which timings the Namaz is prohibited?Sun rising, suns setting, sun at the mid291. When first azan was read in Kabba? 9 Hijri, on the occasion of conquest of Makah292. Which Namaz Allah likes among Nafli Namaz? Namaz-e-Tahajat293. What the Namaz-e-Jumma and Eids create in Muslims? Collectiveness (Gathering)294. When is Namaz-e-Kasoof read? At the time of Solar eclipse295. When Namaz-e-Kauf is read? When no rains296. How many Takbeers are in Namaz-e-Janaza? Four297. When the order for Tahweel-e-Qibla was made? 2 Hijri298. When first Namaz of Eid-ul-Fitr was read? 1st Shawal, 2 Hijri 1. On Judgement Day, what will be asked first? Namaz2.How many times word Zakat is used in Makki Surahs? 22 times3. What is the rate of usher for canal irrigated Zameen ? 5 per cent or 1/54. Who are not entitled to get Zakat? Parents, Husband, wife and children5. What is the 4th Rukn (pillar) of Islam? Roza (fasting)6. How many Arkan Roza has? Three, to restrict eating, drinking and sexual intercourse7. What are the objectives of Roza? Taqwa, Zabti-Nafas, Shukar8. What we say to 1st Ashra of Ramzan catacomb of fractures and discharge at the lowest point around the reservoir and the Indus River. Damming the Indus has already caused a number of environmental problems that have not yetaddressed.Silt deposited in the proposed Kalabagh dam would further curtail the water storagecapacity of Manchar Lake and other lakes and of wetlands like Haleji Lake. President General Musharraf and other leaders, such as Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, have   promised ? iron -clad' constitutional guarantees to ensure that Sindh gets its fair share of water. However, these assurances mean little to most Sindhis, who point out that even the earlier 1991Indus Water-Sharing Accord, which is a document already guaranteed by the constitutional body, the Council of Common Interests, has been violated,  and that Punjab has ? tolen† their water. The objection to Kalabagh in Sindh is widespread. Even political parties of Sindh that are in thecentral cabinet and are supported by General Musharraf, such as the MQM, have stronglydenounced the dam. NWFP viewpointThe NWFP has two main objections to the dam. While the reservoir will be in the NWFP, the  dam's electricity-generating turbines will be justacross the provincial border in Punjab. Therefore, Punjab would get royalties from the centralgovernment in Islamabad for generating electricity. Contrary to this,  however, Punjab has agreednot to accept any royalties from the Kalabagh Dam.The fact that the  NWFP will suffer theadverse consequences of the reservoir but not get royalties is seen as unfair. Concerns that large areas of Nowshera district would be submerged by the dam and even widerareas would suffer from waterlogging and salinity  as has occurred with the  Tarbela Dam. Balochistan viewpointThe dam does not directly affect the Baloch as such. Rather, most nationalist Baloch Sardars seesthe dam as another instance of Punjab lording it over the smaller provinces. By opposing the damthey are signaling their disaffection with being the  poorest province and most neglected of all indevelopment.In reality Balochistan can only get more water and its due share after theconstruction of Kalabagh dam and Kachhi canal. The Common Man's ViewpointMajority of people of Pakistan are against the construction Kalabagh dam, as its construction canprove a danger to sustain the unification of provinces under the name ‘Pakistan'. The only peoplewho want the construction of Kalabagh dam can be classified into two groups: The first is thehigh ranked officers of Pakistan army, who  will be granted farmlands to be  irrigated by Kalabaghdam after the retirements (in fact thes e are the  most powerful supporters of dam).The secondgroup is the political leaders of Punjab; since the issue has turned out be a war between Sindh andPunjab, so by favouring the construction of Dam, Punjabi politicians can maintain their vote-bank. The only reason why President Pervaiz Musharaf favours Kalabhgh dam is because he needs the support of Punjab to sustain his dictatorship in the country. All the ? oppressed' provinces (Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan) of the country has already expressed a huge concernover the construction of dam, specially in Sindh where every single street has observed the protestagainst the dam.The people of these oppressed provinces do not believe in any guarantee from ? Punjabiz' Pakistani government as it has already do ne many decisions against theconstitution/treaties, for example, the regulation of water in Chashma-Jehlem link canal. AnalysisMost independent analysts believe that the foremost problem with the proposed dam at Kalabaghis one of a trust deficit between the Punjab on one side and the other three provinces on the other. The noted columnist, Ayaz Amir suggested that the people of Punjab should redefine theirassumptions about the rest of Pakistan and distribution of resources.A layman of Punjab does notunderstand why the rest of Pakistan does not trust Punjab. The answer, according to Amir, lies inthe frequent coups staged by the Pakistan Army (which is overwhelmingly Punjabi in itscomposition), as well as the Army's extra-constitutional intervention and influence in publicsector and civil institutions of the country in general and Sindh in  particular. Now no province isready to trust the Punjab. All Pakistanis agree that Pakistan faces a severe water shortage, and that some form of watermanagement must be implemented soon.Many point out that even if work on Kalabagh were tostart tomorrow, it would still take at least eight  years to complete and commission  such a largedam. In the meantime, the water sit uation would continue to worsen. Smaller dams, barrages, andcanals must be built before that, and water conservation techniques introduced. The WAPDA for years repeatedly changed its statistics on the dam, to the point where no-one inPakistan now believes any of its figures. Government of Pakistan formed a technical committee,headed by A.N. G. Abbasi, to study the technical merits of the Kalabagh dam vis-a-vis the othertwo. The four-volume technical report concluded that Bhasha or Katzarah dam should be builtbefore Kalabagh, further complicating matters. To make matters even more complex, the reportalso stated that Kalabagh and Bhasha Dams could be considered feasible. The abrupt way in which President General Musharraf announced the decision to build the dam,simply overruling the objections of the smaller states, has sharply polarised public opinion.In Punjab the view is one of  ?†¦ its high time! † while in the other states, especially Sindh,  the reactionhas been o ne of ?†¦ over my dead body!?. The fact that the General literally dragged so controversial an issue off the backburner and thrustit into national centre stage without considering  the predictable reactions from the smallerprovinces has left many aghast. Much has been said in the press, and the issue is still far frombeing resolved. KAROONJHAR DAMKaroonjhar Dam is a dam in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan.MANGLA DAMAs per the Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960, India gained rights for the Ravi, Sutlej and Beasrivers, while Pakistan, in addition to waters of above three rivers in her area and some monetarycompensation, got rights to develop the Jhelum, Chenab and Indus river basins. Until 1967, theentire irrigation system of Pakistan was fully dependent on unregulated flows of the  Indus and itsmajor tributaries. The agricultural yield was very low for a  number of reasons, the  most importantbeing a lack of water during critical growing  periods.This problem stemmed from t he seasonalvariations in the river flow and the absence of storage reservoirs to conserve the vast amounts of  surplus water during periods of high river  discharge. The Mangla Dam was the first development project undertaken to reduce this shortcoming andstrengthen the irrigation system. The dam was  damaged partially during an  Indian Air Forcebombing in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 when the hydel project was hit by the bombs. The Mangla Dam projectThe Mangla Dam, the twelfth largest dam and third largest earth-filled dam in the world, is only115 km southeast of Rawalpindi.One has to turn left from Dina Town and the dam on riverJhelum is about 14 km to the east. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River, about 100miles southeast of the federal capital, Islamabad. The main structures of the dam include 4embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a re servoir of 97. 7square miles. Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred to the extent of 1. 13MAF, and the present gross storage capacity has declined to 4. 5 MAF from the actual design of  5. 88 MAF. The live capacity has declined to 4. 58 MAF from 5. 34 MAF. This implies a reductionof 19. 22% in the capacity of the dam. The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used forirrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its  tributaries. Its secondary function was to generateelectrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of  the reservoir. The project wasnot designed as a flood control structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from itsuse for irrigation and water supply.In the centre of the dam there is a Gakkhar Fort from where one can have a panoramic view of thelake. MIRANI DAMMirani Dam is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan,  Pakistan. Mirani Dam multipurposeproject, is loc ated on Dasht River, about 30 miles west of Turbat in Makran Division of  Balochistan, it envisages provision of dependable irrigation supplies for the development ref  irrigated agriculture on the two banks of the river. The project have been completed in November2006 and inaugurated by president Pervaiz of Pakistan.SHAKIDOR DAMThe Shakidor (Shadi Kor) dam is located near Pasni, in the Balochistan province of south westPakistan, 1,900 km (1,180 miles) from Islamabad and has a length of about 148 meters (485 feet). It was built in 2003, at a  cost of 45 million rupees (758,853 dollars), to provide irrigation water tothe nearby farms. On February 10, 2005, the dam burst under the pressure of a weeks' worth of rain, killing at least70 villagers and dragging their bodies  to the Arabian Sea. The  Pakistani military was sent intoemergency Search and Rescue operations, saving 1,200 people but still having to account for over400 missing.SUKKAR BARRAGEThe Sukkur barrage is a barr age across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur, Pakistan. It wasbuilt during the British Raj from 1923 to 1932 as the Lloyd Barrage to  help alleviate faminescaused by lack of rain. The barrage enables water to flow through what was originally a 6166-mile long network of canals, feeding the  largest irrigation system in the world, with more than  5million acres (20,000 km? ) of irrigated land. The retaining wall has sixty-six spans, each 60 feet wide; each span has a gate which weighs 50tons.TARBELA DAMTarbela Dam (or the National Dam), the world's largest earth-filled dam on one of the world'smost important rivers – the Indus-, is 103  km from Rawalpindi near Haripur District. It is a majorsource of Pakistan's total hydroelectric capacity. Tarbela Dam is part of the Indus Basin Project,which resulted from a water treaty signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, guaranteeingPakistan water supplies independent of upstream control by India. Construction began in 19 68,and was completed in 1976 at a cost of Rs. 18. 5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreignworkers and engineers worked during its construction.It is the biggest hydel power station inPakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. The dam has a volume of  138,600,000 cubic yards (106,000,000 m? ). With a reservoir capacity of 11,098,000 acre-feet(13. 69 km? ), the dam is 469  feet (143 m) high and 8,997 feet (2,743 m) wide at its crest whiletotal area of the lake is 260 sq. km. It helps to maintain the flow of the Indus during seasonalfluctuations. A new, smaller hydroelectric power project has been developed downstream known as the GhaziBarotha Hydel Power Project.It is solely for  generating electricity and has a  water channel withthe highest flow in the world. While the dam has fulfilled its purpose in  storing water for agricultural use in Pakistan,  there havebeen environmental consequences to the Indus river delta. Reductions of seasonal flooding andreduced water flows to the delta have decreased mangrove stands and the abundance of some fishspecies. Permits are required for visiting the Dam. Please contact Public Relations Officer (PRO), Waterand Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Tarbela (Tel: 051-568941-2).A No-ObjectionCertificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Interior (Shaheed-e-Millat Sectt. ), Islamabad is alsorequired for foreign visitors. DIAMER-BHASHA DAMDiamer-Bhasha Dam is the name of a dam that has been planned in the Northern Areas of  Pakistan on the River Indus. It is located about 314 km upstream of Tarbela Dam and about 165km downstream of Gilgit. The dam is expected to create a large reservoir with a gross capacity of  7. 3 million-acre feet (9 km? ) submerging large tracts of land  in the Diamer district. The dam issupposed to have a power generation capacity of 3. 60 megawatts and is expected to considerableease up the skewed hydro to thermal power generation ratio in Pakistan. It is expect ed that thedetailed drawings of the dam would be completed by March 2008, immediately after whichconstruction work shall begin. TANDA DAM (RAMSAR SITE)Tanda Dam is lcated in  Kohat District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The sitecomprises a small water storage area in  semi-arid hills in the  catchments of the Kohat Toi River. Although most of the shoreline is steep, stony and devoid of aquatic vegetation, at the west endthere are some areas of gently shelving muddy shores with a small amount of emergent

CASE Analysis: Seven-Eleven Japan Co. Essay

The case describes how seven eleven has successfully established an innovative business model. Toshifumi Suzuki, CEO of Seven eleven Japan (SEJ), described Seven Eleven Stores as: â€Å"Stores where you can find a solution for any of your daily life’s problems. We always try to plan and design a store in such a way that our store neighbours, in particular, can get whatever they need at any time they want† SEJ, headquartered in Japan, leads the world wide seven Eleven chain, which had 24,912 stores in 18 countries in March 2003.In 2003 ranking of retailers by market value, SEJ was number one in Japan. Since its establishment in 1974, SEJ has never experienced a fall in income or profits. With 9,757 stores as of May, 2003, SEJ is the largest CVS chain in Japan. Its stores feature the same basic designs: large, highly visible sign in green, red and orange, a large store window, much brighter than average lightning and a spotlessly clean store. SEJ identifies their customer orientation, offering not only a rich assortment of products but total comfort to customers, as the source of SEJ’s rise to the top of the Japanese retail industry. Industry Background The Japanese Distribution System Prior to 1974: Traditional Japanese retailing consists of a conservative, multi-tiered system that combines large numbers of small wholesalers and retailers into complex exclusive networks. These networks are not based solely on economic efficiency but also on tight human relationships. The wholesale to retail level ratios (W/R) is measure of layers within distribution system. W/R ratio 1992 1998 US 0.98 – Japan – 2.3 Although the development of information technology in the industry has gradually improved the efficiency of the distribution system, small-to-medium-sized retailers owe their existence mainly to the multi-tiered and vertically integrated structure. Retail Business Environment The Japanese retail sector is still dominated by small retailers. Firms with one to four employees make up about 70% of the total number of stores. In these small shops, CVS still accounts for only 3.2% of all stores and only 5% of total sales Because of Japan’s small land area, most Japanese retail stores have too little space to maintain a wide assortment of products in either the store or inventory. These small, local â€Å"mom-and-pop† stores typically lack both managerial know-how and planning skills. In addition, given their limited size, they are often unable to bear large inventory risks and thus have to rely on manufacturers and wholesalers to bear part of that burden. Legal perspective Japanese government enforced in 1974 the Large-scale Retail Store (LRS) Law which regulated the business hours of larger outlets. Initially applied to stores over 1,500 m2, it was later extended in 1979 to stores with an area of over 500 m2. The law mandated that stores close by 7 P.M. each day and remained closed at least 30 shop days per year. Fueled by heavy pressure from abroad, the deregulation trend caused the LRS law to be changed in 1990 and practically abolished in 2001. While operating its large stores under the LRS law, Ito- Yokado, a parent company of SEJ, launched a new retail business based on small regional stores, which can effectively co-exist with large stores. As a result, CVS chains prove that small stores can compete against larger retailers by improving the efficiency and productivity of their franchise and continual striving to meet customer needs. Because of the density of the store network, CVS chains are not only places to sell products, but are also becoming an important part of the social infrastructure. Seven-Eleven Japan Ito-Yokado, a parent company of SEJ, was founded by Masatoshi Ito in 1964 as a 66-square-foot family clothing store in Tokyo. After starting a new chain of super stores offering a range of food and clothing products, he expanded his business into other distribution areas such as restaurants, department, discount and convenience stores. By 2002, the Ito- Yokado group was one of the largest retail groups in Japan with  ¥5,574 billion ($41.6 billion) in sales and 114,600 employees. Toshifumi Suzuki negotiated directly with Southland, then owner of Seven-Eleven, to bring the convenience store concept to Japan. Japanese consumers were generally more sensitive to product and service quality, more fickle and less price-sensitive. Therefore products had to be fresh, and the turnover rate very high. To meet such customer requirements within the constraint of limited shelf and storage capacity, it was necessary to forecast customers’ demand by the time of purchase, the store location and the weather. Providing the customer with well-targeted, differentiated products 24-hours a day, 7-days-a week was critical. As of 2003, SEJ is the largest convenience store chain with  ¥2,213 billion ($17.5 billion) revenue and 5,061 employees. Its market value of $21,721 million and consolidated net income of  ¥82,825 million ($690 million) are the highest in the whole of Japan’s retail industry. Strategy SEJ practice of continuous item control and well-organized delivery system, and the heavy use of information technology (IT). The basic mission of an SEJ store is to provide solutions for all the problems of everyday life. Each store offers a variety of high-quality products and services that are required daily or on an emergency basis to make life easier and more â€Å"convenient†. The two main reasons for the failure of existing retailers. They ignored: 1)  the importance of convenience to the customer and 2) the quality of the products and the service. SEJ developed some key principles to define a quality convenience store. 1. Reduction of lost opportunity: A missed opportunity to sell an item because it is out of stock is one of the most serious problems in retail business in terms of disappointing customers as well as missing the actual profit. 2. Effective Item Control and Well-Planned Product Supply Management: The American practice of keeping large inventories of a wide variety of products could not be applied in convenience stores in Japan where shelf and storage space are limited and maintaining a large inventory is prohibitive. SEJ pursued a strategy of supplying products in high demand with a rapid turnover rate and eliminating dead or slow-moving products through item-by-item analysis. The well-organized analysis and frequent replacement contributes to SEJ’s high product supply efficiency. 3. Commitment to Customer Satisfaction with Original Product Development and Friendly Service:SEJ not only sells manufacturers’ products but also researches customers’ potential needs. SEJ uses this research to provide original products at reasonable prices (such as a lunch boxes and prepared foods) Merchandising The store space available for a Seven-Eleven franchisee is, on average, only 110 m2. The items kept in stock and on the shelf are precisely selected for the targeted customers and product quality is kept high. Product turnover is high, and goods are always new and food fresh. SEJ discovered that customer loyalty was driven more by specific items than by item categories. To meet the demand and achieve such tight item-by item control, SEJ implemented the POS (Point of Sale) system in 1982, whereby storeowners could identify customer trends and enhance product differentiation. SEJ introduced its POS systems to collect sales data used to improve merchandising and the item-by-item control process. For instance, the cash register would not open  until the operator pushed the account button indicating the gender and estimated age of the customer. This information from the POS system was used for consumer trend analysis. Store Network Expansion SEJ considers its market dominating strategy of high-density, clustered store openings to be the key to efficiency and stability. The advantages of the market dominance strategy are: Improved brand awareness Increased customer visits to the stores Boosted distribution efficiency Enhanced productivity of franchisee-support services Improved advertising effectiveness Franchise Strategy Approximately 60% of SEJ stores were modified from old family owned stores (e.g., liquor or rice stores). The relationship between franchiser and franchisee is one of reciprocal obligations. The franchisee is an independent business which gives SEJ royalties and a long-term commitment, and concentrates on the tasks of selling and effectively managing inventory. The royalty that the franchisee pays to the franchiser is 43% of its gross profit. In exchange for their long-term commitment and royalties, SEJ provides franchisees with service from field representatives called Operation Field Counselors (OFC). Each of about 1,300 OFCs supervises between seven or eight stores, providing (i) advice on store operation and ordering and (ii) information on the portfolio of available items and on sales methods. This person-to-person contact with store managers is a key element of the SEJ franchise system. Each OFC visits each store at least twice a week and spends at least two hours providing adv ice and information. Such a close relationship not only motivates franchisees but also supports company-wide brand image and promotional strategies. Outsourcing Policy SEJ is known for its outsourcing policy and ability to manage supplier relationships. The rationalized distribution system crafted by SEJ created conflict within the traditional wholesale system. Over time, however, SEJ’s  system has proved highly reliable and efficient, covering everything from raw procurement to product deliveries. The collaboration between SEJ and the business partners includes shared information systems and know-how about operations management as well as quality control in the food manufacturers’ factories and delivery centres. By 2002, the company had built a network of 223 distribution centres and 195 factories dedicated to fast food production, all of them created and operated by wholesalers, suppliers and forward agents. Information Systems Strategy Daily, Seven-Eleven stores serve a total of 9.5 million customers, process five million order transactions and send 35 million sales transactions to the information systems centre where sales data is collected, integrated and analysed. The decisions have to be based on well-analysed hypothesis, order and validation. Information technology (IT) for SEJ is merely a method to support the cycle. SEJ prefers to outsource most of its information systems management to external service providers due to the speed at which the information technology market moves. This strategy allows the information systems department of SEJ to focus on developing a systems vision that fits with the business strategy, while the rest of the information systems management is outsourced. The department has evolved into a more strategic organization that links needs from stores with top management and proposes innovative system plans. SEJ regularly explores opportunities to gain first mover advantage by trying out state-of-the-art technologies: the first POS system in Japan in 1982, the first major use of Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) in 1991, etc. Operation Infrastructure Total Information Systems SEJ has continued to develop total information systems. In June 1999, the fifth generation total information system, in which SEJ invested  ¥60 billion ($500 million), was released in collaboration with 14 companies including NRI, NEC, Toshiba TEC, etc. High efficiency, maintainability and reliability of the total network system: The system connects 70,000 computers in stores, at headquarters and at supplier sites through satellite telecommunications, exclusive lines, ISDN and mobile networks via the most appropriate telecommunication technology. The combination of ISDN and satellite telecommunications realizes 45x faster speeds at 35x better cost performance. Terminals are constantly monitored and software and configuration can be updated remotely. The most critical systems such as online ordering and accounting systems are backed up at physically separated locations in Yokohama and Osaka. And in earthquake-prone Japan, satellite telecommunication provides an extra layer of safety. The system, now shared by 10,000 stores, is considered highly reliable due to the crisis management planning and high service levels. The store information system which encourages all store staff to participate in ordering: SEJ provides stores with multimedia information such as pictures, video, audio, text and numerical data, which is used by all employees in Seven-Eleven stores. The system platform shared with business partners: SEJ provides its business partners—vendors, distributors and manufactures—with a common infrastructure consisting of 1,800 terminals at 1,100 locations. The applications on the platform vary depending on the partner’s business: raw material ordering system, inventory management, production management, automated sorting system, for example. The broad system infrastructure facilitates collaboration among SEJ allies by improving the efficiency of delivery through the sharing of order, sales and inventory information. And finally, sophisticated analysis system which eliminates intuitive decision-making . Electronic Commerce Business SEJ categorizes its electronic commerce (EC) business into four major groups: 1) financial services, 2) Internet shopping site, 3) public and regional  services, and 4) in-store intelligent copy machines. Financial Services (settlement, finance, and card service): Launched in 1987, Seven-Eleven hasdeveloped the payment acceptance service whichprovides customers with a convenient means to paytheir bills 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Affiliatedcompanies number about 1,500 and the types ofpayment are mainly utilities: electricity, telephone,water, rent, and mail orders. This business has beensuccessful with 144 million yearly transactions witha total value of  ¥1.15 trillion (about $12.8 billion)and a 20% annual growth rate. Internet Shopping Site: 7dream.com, a subsidiary of SEJ, provides the internet shopping site by utilizing SEJ’s existing operating infrastructure in its EC activities. SEJ also ties into other internet sites and provides payment acceptance and pick-up service at the retail stores. Goods purchased via the Internet are picked up at stores 24-hours a day or delivered to customers’ homes, raising the value of Seven-Eleven stores and enhancing convenience for customers. Public, civil and regional services: SEJ’s meals-on wheels service, named Seven Meal Service, offers prepared meals and cooking ingredients to regional customers. Order can be made via the Internet. SEJ plans to expand its public services at stores via its EC platform so that customers can obtain civil services. In-store intelligent copy machines: Multipurpose copy machines at Seven-Eleven stores are connected the Internet and enable customers to print event tickets and documents created by customers at home as well as to pay for pre-ordered airline tickets. With the capability to attract 1,000 customers per day per store, SEJ is pursuing synergy between the existing retail and EC business units to encourage potential Internet users to visit Seven-Eleven stores and become new customers. SEJ also provides its EC platform service for EC partners with functions such as authentication, database, settlement, and distribution. Temperature-Separated Combined Distribution System Since 1976, SEJ has been developing a streamlined distribution system to efficiently integrate product supplies. The company established the Combined Delivery System, whereby the same kind of products coming from different suppliers can be centralized into 223 Combined Delivery Centres (CDCs). The combined distribution system allows products from different suppliers to be loaded on the same trucks for delivery to Seven-Eleven stores. Combined distribution consolidates product shipment from manufacturers to stores at similar optimum temperatures. In 22 years, SEJ has reduced the average number of vehicles visiting each store from 70 a day in 1974 to ten a day in 1998. Delivery routes and time are also well organized to maintain high efficiency. Competitors SEJ is the largest CVS chain in Japan in terms of the number of stores, sales, and net income followed by Lawson, C&S, Familymart, and Ministop. These top-five companies dominate the market with almost 90% market share. All four competitors operate franchise businesses with store networks expanding all over Japan. Competitors are increasingly investing in EC business to compete and establish dominance in a new area. In 1997, Lawson began implementing multimedia terminals in stores to gain first mover advantage. Lawson also tries to differentiate itself in the Internet shopping site named @Lawson by launching new services such net coupons, which was rare in Japan in 1999. Future Vision The company strives to achieve the maxim â€Å"the retail business should always keep up with change of customer demands† with three principles. 1. Responsiveness to changing customer needs and continuous improvement of customer services 2. Manufacturing retailer 3. The combination of demand chain and supply chain management with the common platform. Case Questions: 1. A convenience store chain attempts to be responsive and provide customers  what they need, when they need it, where they need it. What are some different ways that a convenience store supply chain can be responsive? What are some risks in each case? As In this increasingly competitive world, the whole concept of convenience stores from the existing concept of retail outlets have emerged to improve competitive advantage of businesses by enhancing customer service and by providing him with superior quality of products and experience. However, attaining this competitive advantage comes with added costs and risks. As responsiveness towards a customer’s demands increase, a convenience store chain gets exposed to greater uncertainty and risks- the risk of not having timely supply of essential goods, system breakdowns etc. A convenience store may deal in both perishable food items like processed fast foods and non-perishable items( life of more than 1 month) like frozen foods, magazines, beverages, and other consumer items like soaps, detergents etc. It is critical for any convenience store to have a tightly linked supply chain system for perishable items that need to be supplied to the final stores on daily basis. This distribution system ought to be flexible and highly responsive to alter delivery schedules depending on customer demands. The following are some ways that shall make convenience store supply chains operating on market dominance strategies more responsive- Local capacity: The convenience store chains can provide local cooking capacity that is, live counters at the stores and assemble foods on demand. The Inventory could be stored as raw material under controlled conditions at the stores and be supplied by the distributors at regular intervals. This would eliminate the need to supply fresh and fast foods from the to the outlets thrice a day thus bringing down the transportation cost of the entire distribution system and would add certainty to the production and distribution schedules. This strategy of selling fresh foods to customers would also enhance customer confidence in the brand. This is seen at the U.S. fast food restaurant franchise Subway where dinner and lunch sandwiches are assembled on demand. The main risk with this approach is that capacity is decentralized, leading to poorer utilization. High level of integration- One way of insuring more responsiveness is by further decentralizing the entire system. This can be attained by dividing each region further into  zones and having production plants in each zone nearer to each convenience stores. This would increase the set up cost for the parent company but in the long run but would also inhance the flow of information and service among the stores, suppliers and distributors thus increasing customer responsiveness and satisfaction. Local inventory: Responsiveness to customer demands can also be attained by having inventory available at the store at all times. This allows for the centralization of cooking capacity. But the main disadvantage of this way is not delivering fresh foods to customers thus increasing customer dissatisfaction and need for extra storage space. Rapid replenishment: Another approach is to set up rapid replenishment and supply the stores what they need and when they need it. This allows for centralization of cooking capacity, low levels of inventory, but increases the cost of replenishment and receiving. 2. Seven-Eleven’s supply chain strategy in Japan can be described as attempting to micro-match supply and demand using rapid replenishment. What are some risks associated with this choice? The main risk for convenience stores to adopt a supply chain system that works on rapid replenishment strategy is the potentially high cost of transportation and receiving at stores. The suppliers and factories are centrally located but the stores are scattered all across the city. So the company’s effort to supply fresh foods multiple times a day to all the stores increases the transportation costs. This one aspect can be taken care of by probably decentralizing the authority to produce fresh foods at convenience stores itself. Also, the fact that goods get unloaded multiple times a day reduces the store efficiency and increases customer dissatisfactions due to reduced services and frequent disruptions. This tends to fade away the customer’s experience at the store. Sudden breakdown of the information system or the transportation system connecting the stores to distribution centre and suppliers would also bring the functioning of the entire system to a halt leading to customer inconvenience and the resulting loss in sales. Thus convenience stores that attempt to micro-match supply and demand using rapid replenishment must take extra precautions to ensure timely delivery of goods, proper functioning of the information and transportation system, and customer’s convenience 3. What has Seven-Eleven done in its choice of facility location, inventory management, transportation, and information infrastructure to develop capabilities that support its supply chain strategy in Japan? Seven-Eleven Japan has chosen to operate a highly responsive operation and has chosen a supply chain design that supports this strategy. Their facility location choices are to saturate an area with stores, thereby making it easy for customers to shop and their own delivery trucks to move from store to store to replenish inventory. Seven-Eleven’s inventory system is run on an information system that transmits directly to the supplier and distribution centre; goods are produced using a pull system to replace what has been sold during that delivery period. The transportation system is flexible to maximize responsiveness while also achieving efficiency. All choices made by Seven-Eleven are structured to lower its transportation and receiving costs. For example, its area dominance strategy of opening at least 50-60 stores in an area helps with marketing but also lowers the cost of replenishment. All manufacturing facilities are centralized to get the maximum benefit of capacity aggregation and also lower the inbound transportation cost from the manufacturer to the distribution centre (DC). Seven-Eleven also requires all suppliers to deliver to the DC where products are sorted by temperature. This reduces the outbound transportation cost because of aggregation of deliveries across multiple suppliers. It also lowers the receiving cost. The information infrastructure is set up to allow store managers to place orders based on analysis of consumption data. The information infrastructure also facilitates the sorting of an order at the DC and receiving of the order at the store. The key point to emphasize here is that most decisions by Seven-Eleven are structured to aggregate transportation and receiving to make both cheaper. 4. Seven-Eleven does not allow direct store delivery in Japan but has all products flow through its distribution centre. What benefit does Seven-Eleven derive from this policy? When is direct store delivery more appropriate? Direct store delivery (DSD) would lower the utilization of the outbound trucks from the Seven-Eleven DC. It would also increase the receiving costs at the stores because of the increased deliveries. Thus, Seven-Eleven forces all suppliers to come in through the DC. DSD is most appropriate when stores are large and nearly-full truck load quantities are coming from a supplier to a store. This was the case, for example, in large U.S. Home Depot stores. For smaller stores it is almost always beneficial to have an intermediate aggregation point to lower the cost of freight. In fact, Home Depot itself is setting up these intermediate facilities for its new stores that are often smaller. In case of seven eleven, the benefit of delivery through its own distribution centre is total control of the system, aggregation of demand and minimal disruption at the retail outlets. If several suppliers tried to make two or three deliveries every day, it would detract from the store manager’s abil ity to provide customer service. Each of these suppliers would likely prefer their own way of doing things, their own inventory system, truck size, etc., which would make things more difficult for the Seven-Eleven system. The demand and production data would have to be shared rather than residing on Seven-Eleven’s system from cradle to grave. For items that cannot be prepared quickly, pull production may not provide the responsiveness that Seven-Eleven desires. In this case, the DC concept allows pooling of inventory which increases their overall service level while minimizing total system inventory of those items. Direct store delivery might be more appropriate if the items being delivered do not need bulk broken at a DC, have special handling requirements (lottery tickets, newspapers, or alcoholic beverages), or the supplier has a system that is consonant with Seven-Eleven’s (perhaps a regular bread run that has an information system that integrates with Seven-Eleven’s). 5. What do you think about the 7dream concept for Seven-Eleven in Japan? From a supply chain perspective, is it likely to be more successful in Japan or the United States? Why? 7dream makes sense given that Japanese customers are happy to receive their shipments at the local convenience store. From a logistics perspective, online deliveries can piggy back on Seven-Eleven’s existing distribution  network in Japan. Deliveries from the online supplier can be brought to the DC where they are sorted along with other deliveries destined for a store. This should increase the utilization of outbound transportation allowing Seven-Eleven to offer a lower cost alternative to having a package carrier deliver the product at home. The primary negatives are that 7dream will use up storage space and require the store to be able to retrieve specific packages for customers. One can argue that the concept may be more successful in Japan given the existing distribution network of Seven-Eleven and the frequency of visits by customers. Online delivery is able to link with the existing network. The high visit frequency ensures that packages are not occupying valuable store shelf space for a long time. Also, the frequent visits ensure that the marginal cost to the customer of picking up at Japanese Seven-Eleven is small. The 7dream concept allows e-commerce sites to use Seven-Eleven stores as drop-off and collection points for Japanese e-commerce customers. It has been extremely successful; a recent survey revealed that 92 per cent of the customers of one e-commerce company preferred to have their items shipped this way. It seems likely that this concept would work only for high density urban areas; It is being established in congested, less-safe urban areas for a service like package delivery. Suburban customers in the US would likely find it incredibly inconvenient and avoid it unless home delivery was not possible and the alternative was to pick up a package (for example, one that must be signed for) at the local carrier’s office. This is less likely to be the case in the United States. 6. Seven-Eleven is attempting to duplicate the supply chain structure that has succeeded in Japan in the United States with the introduction of CDCs. What are the pros and cons of this approach? Keep in mind that stores are also replenished by wholesalers and DSD by manufacturers. The supply chain structure for the US market can be close, but it can never be exactly as it is in Japan, and will probably not operate as smoothly as in Japan. Some of this is attributable to the culture and the corporate culture. Regardless of how like-minded supply chain partners claim to be, it would be extremely difficult to duplicate the collective spirit that  permeates Seven-Eleven Japan. The disadvantages of this system is that Seven-Eleven in the U.S. would probably have to run two system depending on whether the area could be treated as a dense urban location or a suburban or rural outpost. The cost of running the Seven-Eleven Japan system in middle-America would be prohibitive. The U.S. consumer in that region has too many alternatives that have 24 hour operations and are within a short drive. The difficulty of duplicating the Japan supply chain structure in the United States follows primarily from the much lower density of U.S. Seven-Eleven stores. This is compounded by the fact that Seven-Eleven stores are getting both direct store deliveries as well as wholesaler deliveries to its stores. Setting up its own DCs does not allow Seven-Eleven to get the same level of transportation aggregation as it gets in Japan. Its own distribution system would help more if all wholesaler deliveries and direct store deliveries were stopped and routed through the DC. Even then, having its own distribution system would add much less value than in Japan given the lower density of stores and larger distance between stores. Perhaps a hybrid system can be applied in select markets to test the system’s efficacy in the U.S. 7. The United States has food service distributors that also replenish convenience stores. What are the pros and cons to having a distributor replenish convenience stores versus a company like Seven-Eleven managing its own distribution function? The advantage of someone else replenishing stores is primarily cost; less transportation, material handling, and labour costs for your own system. Depending on how supply and reordering operations are designed, it might be possible for the distributors to perform the aggregation/demand smoothing function with minimal intervention by the individual Seven-Eleven franchise. One can contend that a distributor brings much more value to the table in the United States relative to Japan. Given the lower density of stores, a distributor is able to aggregate deliveries across many competing stores. This allows a distributor to reach levels of aggregation that cannot be achieved by a single chain such as Seven-Eleven. The disadvantage of the outsourced replenishment service is an overall loss of control, an increased  number of deliveries to each store, and the difficulty of integrating information flows across disparate systems. Also, Seven-Eleven is unable to exploit having a large number of stores. In fact, it may be argued that going through the distributor has Seven-Eleven subsidize deliveries to competing smaller chains that may also be using the same distributor

India; vernacular architectures

IntroductionIndia is huge in civilization and traditions, nature, faiths, linguistic communications rich with historical memorials with common architectures. Taj Mahal is one such wonderous memorial constructions built by ShahJahan as grave in memory of his idolized married woman, Mumtaj Mahal. Taj Mahal is renowned for its glorious Indo-Islamic architectural presence in manner, form, colour, location of the memorial and stuff used to build it. It is one of the 8th admiration of universe ‘s celebrated memorials and appreciated by its visitants ‘ involvements for their penetration into its civilization, clip and history of the memorial. Therefore, Taj Mahal architecture can be renowned as the largest theoretical account combination of the derived function of Byzantine, Persian, Indian and Islamic architecture. The Indo-Islamic architecture takes live in signifier with the slave dynasty in India. It is credited to Mughal dynasty in Pakistan and India, the field of humanistic disciplines and architecture who gave particular attention to raise historical memorials in India. The earliest memorials what we find in India are the recycled stuff of the bing Jain, Buddha and Hindu memorials. The Islamic architecture was so fostered by the Delhi Sultanate and achieved excellence by the Mughal parts.The Background of Islamic Architecture in IndiaThe Iranian dynasties dating back to 500 BCE has seen many Islamic religion dynasties. Throughout the opinion dynasties, Persia ( modern Iran ) has modeled as centre for many art, architecture, poesy and doctrine. Persia is good known for its trade since pre-historic times. The Silk Route acts as span between distant lands for trade, spiritual and material civilization. The concern besides spread to chief lands of cardinal Asia, including Armenia, Georgia, an d India. Persia has besides seen developmental foreparts in architecture which spread many Asiatic states as did concern excessively. The clime, the influence of people, â€Å" available stuff, spiritual intent and peripheral civilizations, and frequenters besides played a of import function in the development of architecture † ( Mehraby ) .The brilliant architectural edifices take inspiration from the landscape, snow-capped mountains, vales, and broad polishing fields which conceived and accomplished fresh thoughts for edifice artefacts while mountains serve both physical and mental beginnings of inspirations in Persian architecture.Thus, Beauty is regarded Godhead for ancient Iranian civilisations.The Architectural Intentions of the Taj MahalTaj Mahal traces its architecture as rooted with Islamic speculations. Though the Persian or the Islamic civilisation was non the first to concentrate their architecture on spiritual subjects, it was a strong characteristic among Byzantine design ers. The Byzantine Architecture records the spiritual edifices and their designs as accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire. The most singular illustration at Constantinople is Hagia Sophia, a Christian church at Constantinople ( the present Istanbul ) is a monolithic and cosmetic church represents the glorification of the Byzantine Empire. The architectural purposes besides note the power factor in Islamic architecture. The Islamic dynasties believe in distributing Islam and laud to God by jointing through mosques, unmatching historical memorials and castles of first-class beauty. To accomplish this, they desire and get power to patronage architecture. The Islamic architecture spread every bit far as Egypt and North Africa, Spain, and Persia. Then, they developed their alone manner by uniting the humanistic disciplines of the Byzantines, the Copts, the Romans, and the Sassanids. This alone manner specializes in blending the native design elements with imported 1s. Taj Mahal suffices this stance. The memories of Mumtaj Mahal are spread all over the universe typifying his love for her. The singularity of this memorial is its dome construction which is characteristic of Byzantine architecture. The abstract designs are notable of Iranian architecture, the flowered designs and picture goes to Safavid manner, the location of the edifice is besides an of import factor which wholly reiterates the presence of head Iranian architecture. Communicating spiritualty is yet another position attributed to Islamic Architecture. This position has been practiced among sages, philosophers, poets, and religious Masterss of Islamic states. The adherent of proliferating Islamic jurisprudence through the chase of cognition, contemplations on world of nature beyond visual aspect, disciplined supplication is besides reflected on their architecture. The rock flowers of the Taj Mahal gives a image of pragmatism intriguing â€Å" the visitant with their grace and colourful freshness † , ( Okado and Joshi ) . The Taj Mahal ‘s reference to â€Å" paradise can be seen in the motive of flowers carved on the funerary Chamberss of the mausoleum, every bit good as on the pedestals of the interior iwan † , where flowers and roses symbolize the Kingdom of Allah, ( Bin and Rasdi ) . The Byzantines ‘ architecture besides followed similar organizing rules. Whereas the Christian spiritual worship topographic point and its design corresponds to the faith. Therefore, symbolism besides played a important function in the development of the signifier of the memorials. During the Byzantine period the Church itself became a symbol of the religion. The maestro piece of Indo-Islamic Architectural manner, the beauty of the Taj Mahal, inspires legion creative persons from all over the universe. To this, Okada and Joshi ( 1993 ) relates to the four canals to the four rivers of Paradise referred in the Holy Qur'an. The symbolic nature of the garden and the canals at Taj Mahal is considered the sepulchral nature of the memorial and the Quran lettering located on the southern entryway wall of the chief Gate gives undeniable credibleness to the comparing of the Taj Mahal with the Garden of Paradise, this lettering says: ( It will be said to the pious ) : Oxygen ( you ) the one in ( complete ) remainder and satisfaction! Come back to your Lord, — well-pleased ( yourself ) and well-pleasing unto him! Enter you, so, among My esteemed slaves, And enter you My Eden! The Holy Qur'an,Surah Al-Fajr: 89:27-30 Therefore, it is noteworthy to see the pupils of Islamic architecture digesting Taj Mahal as an uncomparable memorial in Iranian beginning.The Architecture, Structure of Taj MahalThe Byzantine and Islamic architecture portion a common manner of architecture, the dome. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is in response to the Islamic architecture which shows the influence of Byzantine architecture imparted as the dome manner passed on to the Islamic architecture. It is besides known as ‘Persian dome ‘ . Today, it is called the Onion Dome. This architecture promotion of the usage of dome is accredited formed a new manner in planetary architecture. The most famed illustration is the Taj Mahal ( A.D. 1630 ) built by Mughal Dynasty in India. But, this is non new to Indian architecture. The good known Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi, India 4th to 1st century BCE is â€Å" a commemorating memorial associated with preserving sacred relics. Not merely these, the Mauryan land ( c. 321-185 BCE ) in India besides fortify their metropoliss with Stupas, Viharas, and temples were constructed, † ( Kumar ) . The Taj Mahal consists of 16 Chamberss, eight Chamberss each on two degrees that contain the octangular funerary chamber overcome by a surbased inner dome. The funerary chamber consists of the grave of Mumtaj Mahal and Shah Jahan together, adorned by â€Å" a baluster of finely perforated marble and studded with semiprecious rocks, † ( Okado and Joshi ) . Iranis focused their attempts on reexamining their architecture in barrel vaulting, crenallated roofs, conelike squinches, large bricks, egg-shaped arches and different designed brick work or now and once more platerworks over bricks. Though the architecture is traced to 3000 old ages, the design elements of Iranian architecture like â€Å" high-arched portal set within a deferral, columns with bracket capitals, columned porch or talar, a dome on four arches, a huge egg-shaped arch in the entryway, a four iwan courtyard, early towers making up toward the sky, an interior tribunal and pool, an angled entryway and extended ornaments † display their typical structural designs, ( Mehraby ) .The StructureThe intended grave is made of big white marble construction standing on a square plinth beam consisting of a symmetrical edifice with an iwan ( arch-shaped room access ) presented with a big dome and finial at the top. Fran & A ; ccedil ; ois Bernier noted how â€Å" the Centre of every arch is adorned with white marble slabs whereon are inscribed big Arabian characters in black marble. † This construction titling reflects Iranian architecture. The base is multi-chambered regular hexahedron with chamfered corners making an unequal octagon of about 55 metres on all the four long sides. On each of these sides, a monolithic pishtaq, or a domed archway, frames the iwan with two likewise shaped, arched balconies stacked on either side organizing a symmetrical form on all sides of the edifice. There are four minarets frame the grave and the chief chamber houses the false Gravess of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The existent Gravess are located at a lower degree. The top of the dome is fancily decorated with a Nelumbo nucifera design. â€Å" The columned bases open through the roof of the grave and supply visible radiation to the inside. Tall cosmetic steeples ( guldastas ) extend from borders of base walls, and supply ocular accent to the tallness of the dome. The dome and chattris are topped by a aureate finial, which mixes traditional Persian and Hindu cosmetic elements, † ( Wiki ) . Even the term of office of Byzantine architecture, the find of pendentives and dome on pendentives changed the expertness for building churches and eased the process during the Byzantine period. The bronzy brand of Moon and its horns indicating upwards, the heavenward in trident form clearly indicates the commixture of Persian and Hindu ornaments. The symbolic significance can be derived as Hindu symbol of Shiva. â€Å" The minarets are 40 metres tall ; each minaret spliting into three equal parts by two working balconies surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of a Nelumbo nucifera design topped by a aureate finial, † ( Wiki ) . The subsequent Islamic architecture in India signifies in the signifier of Mosques and graves ‘ frontage beautification is the chief signifier. The development of the dome manner as called the basic regular hexahedron and hemisphere nomenclature in past architecture was subsequently brought into excellence at some phase in the Mughal Period. The experts say that Taj Mahal replicates Humayun ‘s grave before the design for Taj Mahal was formed. The best illustrations for the Indo-Islamic Architecture are the Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, Agra Fort, Buland Darwaza, Qutab Minar and Safdarjang Tomb. Hambly ( 1964 ) writes the architecture of Taj Mahal to be of Safavid manner in his ‘Cities of Mughal India ‘ which accounts the astonishing factors of Mughal dynasty. Safavid is yet another dynasty which ruled Persia during 1499-1722 B.C.E. Safavid has great trade of finest plants of metal art works like weaponries, armour, candle base, helmets, imbibing vass, and wine bowls. Ruggiero notes the events during â€Å" the Safavids, webs of caravanserais were constructed † to ease transit and promote trade since Persia was concern centre for many states so, ( Hambly ) . The penmanship on the big pishtaq is definite work of Safavid. Anon says, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan conferred â€Å" Amanat Khan † rubric for his work for his eye-popping virtuosity. This lettering from the Qu'ran can be found underneath the interior dome are the lettering, â€Å" Written by the insignificant being, Amanat Khan Shirazi. † . Not merely this, the penmanship found on the marble grave is attended in item and delicate.Historical, Societal and Cultural Importance of Islamic ArchitectureHaider ( 2002 ) surveies the Islamic architecture along the quadruple phenomenon activity of social deductions viz. , the brooding jussive mood, the functional jussive mood, the constructive jussive mood and aesthetic jussive mood ; these rules besides project our images, outlooks, definitions, and review of Islamic architecture. Functional importance of any edifice under this architecture marks as symbolic or a marker or an icon or a monument fundamental to continue the yearning recollections and hence, indicate significance of a society. If we can traverse these social manifestations against the architectural purposes, a more focussed and fecund treatment can be formed. Our survey on Taj Mahal is one such productive consequence of these traversing. If we can see Islam as faith and as historical discernible fact of power and backing and inclined to seek the aesthetic jussive mood and symbolic look in architecture, the focal point is more likely on Taj Mahal.DecisionThe Mughal tribunals established in Pakistan and India were occupied by poets and penmanship creative persons from Persia who took flight from their really small place state to fortune gaining in India. The buildings what we see of Mughal dynasty is the work of these Persians who were the particular counsel of the Mughal Empire who gave attending for really item to raise memorials for the populace to praise the Islamic architecture. The Islamic architecture holds its generousness in assorted memorials found largely in India. They portray their love for art and inturn to God. Their push to distribute the celebrity is noteworthy. We see every dynasty or the imperium have their ain set of values, civilizations and traditions. These impacts are besides good noticeable in their architectures. Therefore, the Islamic architecture is symbolic of the architecture they produce.Work CitedBooksAmina Okada and M.C. Joshi. ( 1993 ) . Taj Mahal. Abbeville imperativenessGuido Ruggiero. ( 2002 ) . A comrade to the universes of the Renaissance. Wiley-BlackwellRoger Savory. ( 2008 ) . Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University PressFran & A ; ccedil ; ois Bernier ( 1996 ) . Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656-1668. Asiatic Educational Service Raj Kumar. ( 2003 ) . Essaies on Indian art and architecture: History and civilization series. Discove ry publication houseJournalMohamad Tajuddin Bin and Haji Mohamad Rasdi. ( 2008 ) . Reconstructing the thought of Muslim architecture: reconstituting the academic model and design attack within the position of the Sunnah. The Journal of Architecture, 13:3 ( 6 ) . pp 297 – 315.Online BeginningsMehraby, Rahman. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.destinationiran.com/Architecture.htmOkado and Joshi. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.htmlBin and Rasdi. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.htmlAnon. â€Å" The Taj Mahal † . Islamic architecture. Islamic Arts and Architecture Organization. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.html.General Information about Persian Architecture. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.destinationiran.com/Architecture.htmIntroduction of Islamic architecture to India . Accessed on 27 Nov 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.india9.com/i9show/Taj-Mahal-19777.htmByzantine Architecture. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //library.thinkquest.org/C005594/Medieval/byzantine.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecture

Two methods of determining ABO and Rh groups Essay

Two methods of determining ABO and Rh groups - Essay Example The paper tells that because of Rh and ABO, it is important to be able to chemically identify the different blood types. In the ABO blood group system there are two types of marker that are present on the blood cells. These are type A and type B. If an individual has neither of these markers then they are considered to be type O. Individuals can be of blood type A, B, O or AB, as they inherit one type of marker from each parent. The human body does not produce antibodies for the markers that it contains, but does so for the ones that are not present. This is because the immune system sees the foreign marker as an invader and consequently defends itself against it. Thus, a person with type AB blood does not have antibodies against either A or B markers, and can consequently receive blood from any blood type. However, they also cannot give to any other blood type. In contrast, someone with type O blood can donate blood to any blood type as no antibodies will be raised, and but can rece ive blood only from other type O donors. Another factor that is present in the blood of humans is known as the Rh or rhesus system. This was first discovered through immunization of rabbits with blood that had been obtained from rhesus monkeys. It was found that the antibodies in the rabbit caused the blood to cogulate. Although the Rh system contains around 50 different antigens, five of which are considered to be the most important (D, C, c, E and e), and of these the D antigen is the most relevant. It is often thought to be the most polymorphic blood group system in humans. ... Secondly, the study used antibody screening on two plasma samples to determine the presence of antibodies. Materials and Methods Tube Grouping: Rh (D) and ABO antigens in unknown samples Four agglutinin reagents were to used in this experiment, Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A,B and Anti-D Alpha. These reagents react directly with the antigens present in red blood by making the cells clump together. Thus, they could be used to determine the blood type of each of the four patients. Sixteen clean test tubes were taken and labelled with patient name (Patient 1, 2, 3 or 4) and one of the four reagents so that for each patient there was a total of four tubes, each labelled with the name of a different reagent. Two drops of the labelled reagent were added to each tube. For each of the four patients, the cell sample was inverted several times to ensure the cells were thoroughly mixed, and then one drop of cells was placed in each of four test tubes for that patient. The cells were incubated at room t emperature for 15 minutes and then examined for agglutination. Ortho ABD and Reverse Cassettes: Rh (D) and ABO antigens in unknown samples For this section of the experiment, the same four patient samples were used. The samples were inverted to mix them and then they were loaded into the cassettes. One cassette was used for each patient and these were labelled. Each cassette had four marked wells, A, B, D and control. In each well 10 Â µl of the respective patient sample was placed. The cassettes were then placed in the Ortho Centrifuge and spun for five minutes, and then the results read. Antibody Screening An Ortho Poly AHG cassette was provided. This had six wells that contained Poly Specific Anti – Human Globulin. Three antibody-screening cells

CIS212 U1 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS212 U1 Discussion - Essay Example These should level to a situation that is accommodating to the organization at least. The preceding is with reviewing of the security mechanisms to ascertain and ensure that frequent testing is done on them and maintained as well. There are various common means of authentication. The notion is to get the victim known to be what they allude to be. Essentially there is user authentication and entity authentication. As a result, we have form authentication that entails passing in a username and password on web pages to gain access. Cookies are authentication mechanisms as a means to achieve entity authentication. It accomplishes this through the use of sessions. Authentication at the infrastructure will involve the use of DNS names. They are applicable where applications need to allow access to other hosts. In addition, there is spoofing of IP addresses. To make it more viable, integrate with the use of SSL. Using authentication mechanisms that use usernames and passwords is all time favorite. Despite the method being familiar and readily available, it is also weak and easier to penetrate (Ciampa, 2012). Due to its user-friendliness, if precautions are into account like the inclusion of symbols and letters withi n the text then it is the cheapest. A number of issues psyche hackers. First is the fun and satisfaction they attain by hacking. Secondly, they do so to gain some finances. By getting information to third parties, they are paid highly for their services thus it is a means of livelihood to some. They use means like phishing, brute-force attack, dictionary attack, and SQL injection for site hacking. Further cross-site scripting is also applicable. They accomplish this through establishing a plan of execution. Foot printing deals with comprehension of the system they wish to hack just the way a physical gang will prepare to attack a

Content Calendar for Breath Mat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Content Calendar for Breath Mat - Assignment Example Make the content of the product pages more detailed with information about features and unique quality of the product including the advantages. Ensure the product appears in many different images, allowing the customer to easily view every aspect of the product satisfactorily. Update constantly the site’s content. Create a simple to understand, but detailed information about shopping, returns, shipping, etc. Also includes the use of sounds on videos on the site and create content that builds more trust in the company in terms of helping the customer. Ensure that the images can be viewed from different angles with minimal clicks as possible to enhance the efficiency of the website.[Appendix 1-3] Improved the web-site’s layout and design by making it more appealing and friendly by using impressionable colors such as cream and light blue. Layout the website in a very organized manner such that user’s don’t have to necessarily use the search function to look up anything-though it allows users to look up anything.[Appendix 2-2] Create a simple to use website allowing customers to easily interact and locate the right page or the site of interest. In addition, have an optimal search function for complex searches. Also creating simple headings Use product differentiators such as colors and headings for better emphasis thus consolidating the brand image and the company’s uniqueness, Organize fonts and sub-titles in a simple yet elegant manner by employing bright and impressive color scheme e.g. maroon tiles with black. Breath mat is a product that allows yogis to focus on their practice without having to suffer the distractions of sticky mat and towel. Because the Breath mat for Bikram yoga offers the solution to sticky mats and towels that can’t adequately absorb sweat and pool liquid on the floor beside bunching-up during postures and be uncomfortable to lie on.

Project Management Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Project Management Theory - Essay Example A project manager is a person that is responsible for planning, implementing and delivering a project on time and within an allocated budget. A project manager is a multi-skilled professional whose job entails a lot of different roles within a project. The principal role of the project manager is successful completion of a project. His job entails managing the project, business analysis, work design and writing documentation (Lifecyclestep, 2005). He must be able to effectively manage people in order to motivate them and build working relationships to get the most out of his human resources. An efficient utilization of an allocated budget is important since the project manager has to complete the project without going over budget. When a project runs out the money allocated it is at risk of full failure and the project could become sunk costs for the company. Most of the roles and responsibilities of the project manager are illustrated in the list below: The project manager works in a team environment in which he is the person responsible of managing that team. He must motivate the team and utilize his leadership skills to challenge the members and ensure their work complies with the expectations for the project. To better understand the needs of his colleagues he has to listen to them and provide insightful feedback to them. It is important that the workers understand their duties and responsibilities. The project manager has to layout clear guidelines and of what is expected from each member. This is accomplished by good written and verbal communication from the project manager. A company in the process of hiring a project manager must look for a specific set of skills from a professional. An advertisement for a project manager position could look like the example illustrated in the table below: Looking for a motivated project manager with 5-10 experience in various industries with great

Reforms for K-12 California Education System Essay

Reforms for K-12 California Education System - Essay Example Many efforts have been put to address multiple language students. A number of inconsistencies that remains deeply entrenched within the inefficient system. Firstly, parents are left to determine whether a child should be taken to a bilingual class or not. Of course, this is the greatest undoing of the California system because parents do not understand the fundamental principles of learning. In addition, leaving the decision entire for parents is a sign of a failed system because it pays no attention to the child’s abilities.   Ã‚  Secondly, appear to lean towards western traditionalist ideology as compared to the modern multiculturalist’s approach in education (Friend and Loyce 2013, 367). One of the key issues that the system fails to recognize is the existence of rights of a student to be taught in a language they understand. In contrast, we find that this partial implantation of multicultural education systems captures the Norton of sympathetic westernized tendenc ies. In reality, the schools are failing in enhancing systematic education training using the right channel. Studies show that many Asian students have poor scores, not because they have limited potential but because teachers and California State Department of Education has failed to develop a comprehensive policy and provide necessary special facilities that is adequate and appropriate to the student’s needs.  Ã‚  The future of multiple culture approach remains bleak with this K-12 system if the system of purposeful discrimination.

Jewish Cosmopolitanism in the Modern Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jewish Cosmopolitanism in the Modern Era - Essay Example As the Jews started to prosper in there respective settlements, so did Anti-Semitism grow and developed into one huge monster that today’s history still recalls. Anti-Semitism is defined as the hate towards people of the Semitic group. This hatred is defined in various forms that include cultural, political, economic, religious, racial, and apocalyptic. Milestone events that marked the height of Anti-Semitism included the First Crusade back in 1096, that happened in France and Germany, The Massacre of Jews in Spain in late 1300s, Expulsions from England, Portugal, Russia and Soviet Republic. The peak of all these was the Holocaust by the Germans under Adolf Hitler. All these revolutions were about Jewish clearance due to many aspects relating to Anti-Semitism. The above historical events changed the Jewish perception of themselves. This was from the new definitions that were given of the Jews in the many expulsion revolutions that were Anti-Semitic. General fear of being assoc iated to the Jewish culture with an imagination that the same could eventually happen and the same fate repeat itself allover again is another main cause of change. These two causes have redefined the modern Jews, turning them into a cultureless population spread allover the world, and minority seclusions with respect to discrimination they faced back then. This has caused tremendous assimilation where the current Jewish has turned into a cosmopolitan culture, giving no origin or definition. This paper shall analyze some of the causes that the city has had in the identity-building process that has resulted into the evolution of the traditional Jew into an independent modern-day Jewish Cosmopolitan. The changes of the Jews shall be attributed to the main Anti-Semitic hatred forms that attributed the Jews as unique, thus deserving the hatred they received, and still to some reasonable measure, still receive. These are cultural, economic, religious, political, apocalyptic, and racial p erceptions. Major cities in the world are cosmopolitan; meaning that they host diverse cultures, races, religions and tribes. Based on the Anti-Semitic belief by the Jews that predominantly having the desire to exercise the Jewish Culture would lead to the easy identification of Jews, much care is taken. There is also a belief that since the Jews were considered as the Chosen Lot, there was a tendency of them wanting to overturn any other culture and make people assimilate their culture. The result of this fear made the modern-day Jew take up the cultures of various cosmopolitan groups in the city, gifting them with diverse survival tactics that aped all the communities. This gave the modern Jews an upper hand as they were able to interact with all the groups. According to them, this was a survival skill they had to learn in order not to be distinct and conspicuous for any attack from the Anti-Semites. This was good, but eventually, Jews lose their touch with their culture and thus lose there identity too. Judaism, the main Jewish religion, has had a long misunderstanding with Christianity ever since the emergence of Christianity. This misunderstanding arose from various factors that included the differences in beliefs about God, processes and general conduct. This is despite the origin of the two being from the same historical foundation, usually described as the Second Temple period. The dominance of Christianity has, however, outweighed Judaism with statistics showing a population of 2 billion

Incorporating Ethical Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Incorporating Ethical Standards - Essay Example That is all that is needed to perform a full background check on the person using advanced HR information technology. A simpler and less digital solution would be to ask each employee for a certificate of good conduct. Performing other medical checks such as blood checks for high cholesterol and another physical test can help the company create a wellness program to increase the quality of life of its employees. 2. Incorporating ethical standards is beneficial in both the creation of contracts and technology information systems. Ethics can be included indirectly in a contract by incorporation clauses that include social corporate responsibility initiatives. For instance, a contract can stipulate that the transportation vehicles used to move merchandise must be green vehicles that use an alternative fuel other than gasoline such as trucks powered by natural gas. Including ethical clauses can serve a social purpose, but often the inclusion of social clauses increase the operating costs of a company. Ethics can help legitimize an information technology system. ... Â  The HR department must incorporate safeguarding protocols to ensure nobody has access to the privilege information written in the contracts. The use of privacy in the workplace can be considered an ethical action. 3. In your response, you mentioned that technology keeps evolving at a rapid rate. I completely agree with your statement. Moore’s Law states that the speed of computing power doubles every two years. As computing power increases the consumer benefits because people are getting better computers at cheaper prices. In certain industries inflation negatively impacting costs. The cost of a developing a new drug during the last five years has increased from $800 million to $1.2 billion. Pharmaceutical companies need to find ways of incorporating technology to lower developmental costs. 4. People that work as telecommuters do not have boundaries at work and personal life become the same. A way for a telecommuter to separate home life and work is by creating a special o ffice in their homes where they perform their work. I believe that ethics is very important for people working as telecommuters. Due to the lack of supervision telecommuters must act ethically and comply with the code of conduct of an organization. It would be unethical for a telecommuter to drink alcohol while performing work for the company. 5. A few years ago I worked at a company that had an IT specialist that often acted very unethical. He was constantly using his access to information to snoop into other employees’ lives.